英语词汇“stripped away”的意思、用法、释义、翻译、读音、例句、短语、词组-英汉翻译词典

单词	stripped away
释义	stripped away freq. 26 dict. 6 cmpt. 1 spoken 11 un.一块；剥去；一小块；剥去
随便看	Nawinda Kuta na-wise Nawk nawks nawl Nawlins nawls Nawmah, Ra's Nawnghkio Nawng Hpa Nawnghwe Nawngleng Nawngmawn Nawng Peng Nawojowa NAWP nawrath nawrocki NAWSA na-wyse Nawābganj Nawābpur Nawābshāh Nawāda Nawākot

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